A cautionary tale is a traditional story with a moral message warning of the consequences of certain actions, inactions, or character flaws. The elements of a cautionary tale are that a danger is ignored or a taboo or social convention is broken. The character in the tale who committed this breach then meets an unpleasant fate. The stories can often be scary and grisly.
Pinocchio is a cautionary tale because he and his friends are turned into donkeys for not doing what they are supposed to to, study their trades. Their being turned into donkeys is symbolic of what happens to those who don't learn; they become no better that beasts of burden.
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